Understanding the Financial Basics of a Retirement Budget
Before you can build a budget, you need to understand the building blocks. In retirement, your financial picture looks different than it did during your working years. Let’s demystify the key components of senior budgeting.
Your Income Streams
Most retirees draw from several sources of income. It is essential to know exactly how much you receive from each, and whether that income is fixed or variable. Your primary sources will likely include:
- Social Security: For most seniors, this is a foundational piece of retirement income. It is a predictable, monthly payment. You should know your exact benefit amount after any deductions, such as for Medicare premiums.
- Pensions: If you are fortunate to have a pension from a former employer, this provides another stable, predictable monthly income stream.
- Retirement Account Withdrawals: This includes money you take from a 401(k), 403(b), or Traditional IRA. Once you reach a certain age (currently 73), the government requires you to take Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs). These are not optional and are treated as taxable income. For example, if you have $400,000 in a Traditional IRA and your RMD for the year is 3.8%, you must withdraw at least $15,200. That $15,200 will be added to your income for tax purposes. Federal tax information is at the IRS.
- Other Investments: This could be income from annuities, dividends from stocks, or interest from bonds or savings accounts. This income can be less predictable than Social Security or pensions.
Fixed vs. Variable Expenses
Your spending can be broken down into two main categories. Understanding the difference is central to effective financial planning for retirees.
- Fixed Expenses: These are the costs that are generally the same every month. They are the easiest to budget for because they are predictable. Examples include your mortgage or rent payment, property taxes, insurance premiums (home, auto, health), car payments, and basic utility bills like trash collection.
- Variable Expenses: These costs change from month to month and are where you have the most control. Examples include groceries, gasoline, dining out, entertainment, hobbies, and travel. This category also includes non-monthly but predictable costs like holiday gifts or annual membership fees.
A successful retirement budget acknowledges both types of expenses and creates a plan to manage them. It ensures your fixed costs are always covered while giving you a clear guideline for your variable spending.
